đ Chapter 3: A Long and Illustrious History
3.2.7 Scotland and Wales in the Middle Ages
2 paragraphs ¡ 4 questions
During the Middle Ages, Scotland remained an independent kingdom. The Scots fought many wars against English attempts to control them. Robert the Bruce defeated the English at the Battle of Bannockburn in 1314, securing Scottish independence. The Declaration of Arbroath in 1320 asserted Scotland's right to be an independent nation.
Key Facts
- Scotland remained independent in the Middle Ages
- Robert the Bruce won Battle of Bannockburn 1314
- Declaration of Arbroath 1320 asserted Scottish independence
Wales was conquered by Edward I of England in 1284. Edward built a series of impressive castles across Wales, including Caernarfon, Conwy, and Harlech, to control the Welsh population. Edward's son was made the first English Prince of Wales, a title still given to the heir to the throne today. Despite English rule, the Welsh maintained their own language and cultural identity.
Key Facts
- Wales conquered by Edward I in 1284
- Edward built castles: Caernarfon, Conwy, Harlech
- Prince of Wales title created; Welsh maintained language and culture
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